4.Servlet 注册的四种姿势

一灰灰blogSpringBootWEB系列web三剑客Servlet约 2742 字大约 9 分钟

前面介绍了java web三要素中filter的使用指南与常见的易错事项,接下来我们来看一下Servlet的使用姿势,本篇主要带来在SpringBoot环境下,注册自定义的Servelt的四种姿势

  • @WebServlet 注解
  • ServletRegistrationBean bean定义
  • ServletContext 动态添加
  • 普通的spring bean模式

I. 环境配置

1. 项目搭建

首先我们需要搭建一个web工程,以方便后续的servelt注册的实例演示,可以通过spring boot官网创建工程,也可以建立一个maven工程,在pom.xml中如下配置

<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
    <version>2.2.1.RELEASE</version>
    <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>

<properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
    <java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

<build>
    <pluginManagement>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </pluginManagement>
</build>
<repositories>
    <repository>
        <id>spring-snapshots</id>
        <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
        <url>https://repo.spring.io/libs-snapshot-local</url>
        <snapshots>
            <enabled>true</enabled>
        </snapshots>
    </repository>
    <repository>
        <id>spring-milestones</id>
        <name>Spring Milestones</name>
        <url>https://repo.spring.io/libs-milestone-local</url>
        <snapshots>
            <enabled>false</enabled>
        </snapshots>
    </repository>
    <repository>
        <id>spring-releases</id>
        <name>Spring Releases</name>
        <url>https://repo.spring.io/libs-release-local</url>
        <snapshots>
            <enabled>false</enabled>
        </snapshots>
    </repository>
</repositories>

特别说明:

为了紧跟SpringBoot的最新版本,从本篇文章开始,博文对应的示例工程中SpringBoot版本升级到2.2.1.RELEASE

II. Servlet注册

自定义一个Servlet比较简单,一般常见的操作是继承HttpServlet,然后覆盖doGet, doPost等方法即可;然而重点是我们自定义的这些Servlet如何才能被SpringBoot识别并使用才是关键,下面介绍四种注册方式

1. @WebServlet

在自定义的servlet上添加Servlet3+的注解@WebServlet,来声明这个类是一个Servlet

和Fitler的注册方式一样,使用这个注解,需要配合Spring Boot的@ServletComponentScan,否则单纯的添加上面的注解并不会生效

/**
 * 使用注解的方式来定义并注册一个自定义Servlet
 * Created by @author yihui in 19:08 19/11/21.
 */
@WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/annotation")
public class AnnotationServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.write("[AnnotationServlet] welcome " + name);
        writer.flush();
        writer.close();
    }
}

上面是一个简单的测试Servlet,接收请求参数name, 并返回 welcome xxx;为了让上面的的注解生效,需要设置下启动类

@ServletComponentScan
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class);
    }
}

然后启动测试,输出结果如:

➜  ~ curl http://localhost:8080/annotation\?name\=yihuihui
# 输出结果
[AnnotationServlet] welcome yihuihui%

2. ServletRegistrationBean

在Filter的注册中,我们知道有一种方式是定义一个Spring的Bean FilterRegistrationBean来包装我们的自定义Filter,从而让Spring容器来管理我们的过滤器;同样的在Servlet中,也有类似的包装bean: ServletRegistrationBean

自定义的bean如下,注意类上没有任何注解

/**
 * Created by @author yihui in 19:17 19/11/21.
 */
public class RegisterBeanServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.write("[RegisterBeanServlet] welcome " + name);
        writer.flush();
        writer.close();
    }
}

接下来我们需要定义一个ServletRegistrationBean,让它持有RegisterBeanServlet的实例

@Bean
public ServletRegistrationBean servletBean() {
    ServletRegistrationBean registrationBean = new ServletRegistrationBean();
    registrationBean.addUrlMappings("/register");
    registrationBean.setServlet(new RegisterBeanServlet());
    return registrationBean;
}

测试请求输出如下:

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/register?name=yihuihui'
# 输出结果
[RegisterBeanServlet] welcome yihuihui%

3. ServletContext

这种姿势,在实际的Servlet注册中,其实用得并不太多,主要思路是在ServletContext初始化后,借助javax.servlet.ServletContext#addServlet(java.lang.String, java.lang.Class<? extends javax.servlet.Servlet>)方法来主动添加一个Servlet

所以我们需要找一个合适的时机,获取ServletContext实例,并注册Servlet,在SpringBoot生态下,可以借助ServletContextInitializer

ServletContextInitializer主要被RegistrationBean实现用于往ServletContext容器中注册Servlet,Filter或者EventListener。这些ServletContextInitializer的设计目的主要是用于这些实例被Spring IoC容器管理

/**
 * Created by @author yihui in 19:49 19/11/21.
 */
public class ContextServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.write("[ContextServlet] welcome " + name);
        writer.flush();
        writer.close();
    }
}


/**
 * Created by @author yihui in 19:50 19/11/21.
 */
@Component
public class SelfServletConfig implements ServletContextInitializer {
    @Override
    public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
        ServletRegistration initServlet = servletContext.addServlet("contextServlet", ContextServlet.class);
        initServlet.addMapping("/context");
    }
}

测试结果如下

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/context?name=yihuihui'
# 输出结果
[ContextServlet] welcome yihuihui%

4. bean

接下来的这种注册方式,并不优雅,但是也可以实现Servlet的注册目的,但是有坑,请各位大佬谨慎使用

看过我的前一篇博文191016-SpringBoot系列教程web篇之过滤器Filter使用指南open in new window的同学,可能会有一点映象,可以在Filter上直接添加@Component注解,Spring容器扫描bean时,会查找所有实现Filter的子类,并主动将它包装到FilterRegistrationBean,实现注册的目的

我们的Servlet是否也可以这样呢?接下来我们实测一下

@Component
public class BeanServlet1 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.write("[BeanServlet1] welcome " + name);
        writer.flush();
        writer.close();
    }
}

现在问题来了,上面这个Servlet没有定义urlMapping规则,怎么请求呢?

为了确定上面的Servlet被注册了,借着前面Filter的源码分析的关键链路,我们找到了实际注册的地方ServletContextInitializerBeans#addAsRegistrationBean

// org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializerBeans#addAsRegistrationBean(org.springframework.beans.factory.ListableBeanFactory, java.lang.Class<T>, java.lang.Class<B>, org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializerBeans.RegistrationBeanAdapter<T>)

@Override
public RegistrationBean createRegistrationBean(String name, Servlet source, int totalNumberOfSourceBeans) {
	String url = (totalNumberOfSourceBeans != 1) ? "/" + name + "/" : "/";
	if (name.equals(DISPATCHER_SERVLET_NAME)) {
		url = "/"; // always map the main dispatcherServlet to "/"
	}
	ServletRegistrationBean<Servlet> bean = new ServletRegistrationBean<>(source, url);
	bean.setName(name);
	bean.setMultipartConfig(this.multipartConfig);
	return bean;
}

从上面的源码上可以看到,这个Servlet的url要么是/, 要么是/beanName/

接下来进行实测,全是404

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/?name=yihuihui'
{"timestamp":"2019-11-22T00:52:00.448+0000","status":404,"error":"Not Found","message":"No message available","path":"/"}%

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/beanServlet1?name=yihuihui'
{"timestamp":"2019-11-22T00:52:07.962+0000","status":404,"error":"Not Found","message":"No message available","path":"/beanServlet1"}%                                          

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/beanServlet1/?name=yihuihui'
{"timestamp":"2019-11-22T00:52:11.202+0000","status":404,"error":"Not Found","message":"No message available","path":"/beanServlet1/"}%

然后再定义一个Servlet时

@Component
public class BeanServlet2 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.write("[BeanServlet2] welcome " + name);
        writer.flush();
        writer.close();
    }
}

再次测试

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/beanServlet1?name=yihuihui'
{"timestamp":"2019-11-22T00:54:12.692+0000","status":404,"error":"Not Found","message":"No message available","path":"/beanServlet1"}%                                          

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/beanServlet1/?name=yihuihui'
[BeanServlet1] welcome yihuihui%                                                                                                                                                

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/beanServlet2/?name=yihuihui'
[BeanServlet2] welcome yihuihui%

从实际的测试结果可以看出,使用这种定义方式时,这个servlet相应的url为beanName + '/'

注意事项

然后问题来了,只定义一个Servlet的时候,根据前面的源码分析,这个Servlet应该会相应http://localhost:8080/的请求,然而测试的时候为啥是404?

这个问题也好解答,主要就是Servlet的优先级问题,上面这种方式的Servlet的相应优先级低于Spring Web的Servelt优先级,相同的url请求先分配给Spring的Servlet了,为了验证这个也简单,两步

  • 先注释BeanServlet2类上的注解@Component
  • BeanServlet1的类上,添加注解@Order(-10000)

然后再次启动测试,输出如下

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080/?name=yihuihui'
[BeanServlet1] welcome yihuihui%

➜  ~ curl 'http://localhost:8080?name=yihuihui'
[BeanServlet1] welcome yihuihui%

5. 小结

本文主要介绍了四种Servlet的注册方式,至于Servlet的使用指南则静待下篇

常见的两种注册case:

  • @WebServlet注解放在Servlet类上,然后启动类上添加@ServletComponentScan,确保Serlvet3+的注解可以被Spring识别
  • 将自定义Servlet实例委托给bean ServletRegistrationBean

不常见的两种注册case:

  • 实现接口ServletContextInitializer,通过ServletContext.addServlet来注册自定义Servlet
  • 直接将Serlvet当做普通的bean注册给Spring
    • 当项目中只有一个此种case的servlet时,它响应url: '/', 但是需要注意不指定优先级时,默认场景下Spring的Servlet优先级更高,所以它接收不到请求
    • 当项目有多个此种case的servlet时,响应的url为beanName + '/', 注意后面的'/'必须有

II. 其他

0. 项目

web系列博文

项目源码

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