>>> list(zip([1,2,3], ['a', 'b', 'c']))
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]
>>> list(zip([1,2,3], ['a', 'b', 'c'], ['!', "@"]))
[(1, 'a', '!'), (2, 'b', '@')]

>>> list(zip(*[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]))
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]

>>> class A:
...     x = 10
...     y = 20
...
>>> vars(A)
mappingproxy({'__module__': '__main__', 'x': 10, 'y': 20, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'A' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'A' objects>, '__doc__': None})

type(object)
type(name, bases, dict)

>>> type('str')
<class 'str'>
>>> type(b'123')
<class 'bytes'>
>>> type('123')
<class 'str'>

>>> x = type('x', (object,), dict(a=1))
>>> x
<class '__main__.x'>
>>> a = x()
>>> a.a
1

>>> tuple([1,2,3])
(1, 2, 3)
>>> tuple({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
('a', 'b')

>>> class A:
...   def m(self):
...     return 'A'
>>> class B:
...   def m(self):
...     return 'B'
...

>>> class C(A):
...   def m(self):
...     print(super().m())
...
>>> C().m()
A

>>> class D(A,B):
...    def m(self):
...      a = super(D, self).m()
...      print(a)
...
>>> D().m()
A

>>> sum([1,2,3])
6

>>> str([1,2,3])
'[1, 2, 3]'
>>> str((1,'a'))
"(1, 'a')"
>>> str({'a': 123, 'b': 456})
"{'a': 123, 'b': 456}"
>>> str(b'hello')
"b'hello'"

sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False)

>>> a = [1,3, 2, 9, 4]
>>> sorted(a)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 9]
>>> a
[1, 3, 2, 9, 4]
>>> a.sort()
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 9]

>>> a=[('b',2),('a',1),('c',3),('d',4)]
>>> sorted(a, key=lambda x:x[1])
[('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]

slice(stop)
slice(start, stop[,step]

>>> list(range(0, 10))[slice(4)]
[0, 1, 2, 3]
>>> list(range(0, 10))[slice(2, 8, 3)]
[2, 5]

class A:
...     x = 10
...
>>> a = A()
>>> setattr(a, 'b', 20)
>>> a.b
20

>>> set([1,2,3,2,1])
{1, 2, 3}
>>> set('hello')
{'h', 'o', 'e', 'l'}

>>> round(2.674, 2)
2.67
>>> round(2.675, 2)
2.67
>>> round(2.6751, 2)
2.68

>>> list(reversed([1,2,3]))
[3, 2, 1]

>>> repr([1,2,3])
'[1, 2, 3]'
>>> repr('bca')
"'bca'"
>>> class A:
...     x = 10
...
>>> repr(A())
'<__main__.A object at 0x10f079f98>'

range(start, stop[,step])

>>> list(range(0, 10, 3))
[0, 3, 6, 9]
>>> list(range(2))
[0, 1]

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

>>> pow(4, 0.5)
2.0
>>> pow(4, 2)
16
>>> pow(100, -2)
0.0001

>>> ord('a')
97
>>> ord('灰')
28784
>>> chr(28784)
'灰'

open(file, mode='r',  buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)

>>> oct(10)
'0o12'

next(iterator[,default]

>>> a = iter([1,2,3])
>>> next(a)
1
>>> next(a)
2

>>> min(1,2,3)
1
>>> min([1,2,3])
1
>>> min([1,2,3], [4,3,2])
[1, 2, 3]

>>> memoryview(b'abc')
<memory at 0x10efa4348>
>>> memoryview(b'ab')
<memory at 0x10efa44c8>
>>> a = memoryview(b'ab')
>>> a[0]
97

>>> max(1,2,3)
3
>>> max([1,2,3], [4,2,1])
[4, 2, 1]

map(function, iterable, ...)

>>> list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

>>> for i in map(lambda x, y: x+y, [1,2,3], [10, 20, 30]):
...     print(i)
...
11
22
33

>>> def m():
...     a = 10
...     print(locals())
...
>>> m()
{'a': 10}

>>> aTuple = (123, 'hello', {'a':123})
>>> list(aTuple)
[123, 'hello', {'a': 123}]
>>> list('hello world')
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd']

>>> len([1,2,3,4])
4
>>> len('1sdfa')
5

>>> class A:
...     x = 10
...
>>> class B(A):
...     y = 10
...
>>> issubclass(B, A)
True

>>> isinstance(B(), A)
True

>>> isinstance('123', int)
False
>>> isinstance('123', str)
True

>>> int('11')
11
>>> int('11', 2)
3
>>> int('11', 8)
9
>>> int('11', 16)
17

>>> a = input('enter: ')
enter: hello world
>>> a
'hello world'

>>> id('hello world')
4422041520
>>> id('hello worl')
4422041520

>>> hex(255)
'0xff'
>>> hex(-12)
'-0xc'

help('str')

>>> hash('hello world')
-2288959098694490958
>>> hash(123)
123

>>> class A:
...     x = 10
...     y = 20
...
>>> a = A()
>>> hasattr(a, 'x')
True
>>> hasattr(a, 'z')
False

>>> globals()
{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>}
>>>

>>> a = frozenset(range(10))

>>> "{} {}".format("hello", "world")
'hello world'
>>> "{0} {1} {0}".format("hello", "world")
'hello world hello'

>>> "{name} haha {age}".format(name='yhh', age=20)
'yhh haha 20'

>>> "{name} haha {age}".format(**{"name": "yhh", "age": 18})
'yhh haha 20'

>>> "{:.2f}".format(3.1415926)
'3.14'

>>> float(1)
1.0
>>> float('12')
12.0

filter(function, iterable)

>>> def f(s):
...     return s % 2 == 0
...
>>> a = filter(f, [1,2,3,4])
>>> list(a)

>>> exec('print("Hello World")')
Hello World
>>> exec('for i in range(0,3): print(i)')
0
1
2

>>> x = 10
>>> expr = """
... z = 30
... sum = x + y + z
... print(sum)
... """
>>>
>>> def func():
...     y = 20
...     exec(expr)
...     exec(expr, {'x': 1, 'y': 2})
...     exec(expr, {'x': 1, 'y': 2}, {'y': 3, 'z': 4})
...
>>> func()
60
33
34

class A:
...    x = 10
...    y = 10
...    z = 20


>>> delattr(A, 'z')
>>> a = A()
>>> a.x
10
>>> a.z
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'z'

>>> a = 10
>>> eval('a + 10')
20
>>> eval('pow(a,2)')
100
>>> b = [1,2]
>>> eval('b[1]')
2

>>> complex(1, 2)
(1+2j)
>>> complex("1+2j")
(1+2j)

>>> seq = ['one', 'two', 'three']
>>> for i, element in enumerate(seq):
...     print(i, element)
...
0 one
1 two
2 three

>>> divmod(10, 3)
(3, 1)

dir([object])

>>> class A:
...     x = 10
...     def m():
...         print('haha')
...
>>> a = A()
>>> dir(a)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'm', 'x']